Qawwali
13th c. → now · South AsiaSufi devotional music: a lead singer and chorus repeat a line, rising in pitch and speed until the room is in a trance.
- Instruments
- Harmonium, tabla, dholak, rhythmic handclaps
- Feel
- Starts slow, builds to fast ecstatic peaks
Gothic Rock
Late 1970s–80s · UKBrooding post-punk with cavernous echo and deep, theatrical vocals. Romantic, cold and candle-lit.
- Instruments
- Chorus-soaked guitar, lead bass lines, drum machine or tight drums
- Feel
- Mid-tempo, about 110–140 BPM, hypnotic
Darkwave
Late 1970s–80s · EuropeSynth-led melancholy in minor keys. Cold pulses, warm sadness.
- Instruments
- Analogue synths, drum machines, low baritone voice
- Feel
- Steady and trance-like, about 100–130 BPM
Symphonic Metal
Mid-1990s · Nordic & Dutch scenesHeavy guitars meet a full orchestra and choir, often led by an operatic soprano.
- Instruments
- Distorted guitars, double-kick drums, strings, choir, keys
- Feel
- Epic swings from slow ballads to full gallop
Baroque & Classical
c.1600–1750 · c.1750–1820Baroque weaves ornate lines over a driving bass (Bach, Vivaldi, Handel). Classical trades that for clear, balanced phrases (Haydn, Mozart).
- Instruments
- Harpsichord, organ, strings, early piano
- Feel
- Baroque runs on a steady pulse; Classical breathes in neat 4- and 8-bar phrases
Opera
From c.1600 · ItalyDrama told entirely through song, with an orchestra in the pit. The first big landmark is Monteverdi's L'Orfeo (1607).
- Instruments
- Trained solo voices, chorus, orchestra
- Feel
- Flows between story-moving recitative and show-stopping arias
Blues Rock
1960s · UK & USThe 12-bar blues turned up loud: bent notes, crying solos and a swagger in the groove.
- Instruments
- Overdriven electric guitar, bass, drums, harmonica
- Feel
- Shuffle or straight, about 70–130 BPM
Nepali Rock
1990s onward · KathmanduDistorted guitars carrying Nepali melody and poetry. Big choruses, raw energy, often a folk turn of phrase.
- Instruments
- Electric guitars, bass, drums, sometimes madal or bansuri
- Feel
- Ballads to fast anthems; built for singing along
Art styles
Gothic Art12th–15th c.Pointed arches, stained glass, tall elegant figures
Renaissance14th–17th c.Perspective, anatomy, soft light and shadow
RomanticismLate 1700s–1800sStorms, ruins, moonlight, the sublime